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Avraam Benaroya
Avraam Eliezer Benaroya ((ヘブライ語: אברהם בן-ארויה); (ブルガリア語:Аврам Бенароя); (ギリシア語:Αβραάμ Μπεναρόγια); ; 1887 – 16 May 1979) was a Jewish socialist, member of the Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers' Party (Broad Socialists), later leader of the Socialist Workers' Federation in the Ottoman Empire. Benaroya played a key role in the foundation of the Communist Party of Greece in 1918.〔Biographical dictionary of European labour leaders, A. Thomas Lane, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995, ISBN 0-313-26456-2, (p. 176. )〕〔Modernism: The Creation of Nation States, Ahmet Ersoy, Maciej Gorny, Vangelis Kechriotis, Central European University Press, 2010, ISBN 9637326618, (p. 444. )〕
== Early years ==
Benaroya was born to a Sephardi Jew in Bulgaria.〔(Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, The role of Jews in the late Ottoman and early Greek Salonica, Kostas Theologou & Panayotis G. Michaelides, 2010, Routledge, pp. 316-317. )〕〔(Jewish social studies ), Conference on Jewish Social Studies (U.S.), Indiana University Press, 1945, p. 323〕〔(The Dönme: Jewish converts, Muslim revolutionaries, and secular Turks ), Marc David Baer, Stanford University Press, 2010, ISBN 0-8047-6868-4, p. 90〕〔(Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews 1430-1950 ), Mark Mazower, Vintage, 2006, ISBN 0-375-72738-8, p. 269.〕 He was raised in Vidin by a family of small merchants.〔(Socialism and nationalism in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1923, Mete Tunçay, Erik Jan Zürcher, British Academic Press in association with the International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, 1994, p. 60. )〕〔The Communist party of Bulgaria: origins and development, 1883-1936, Joseph Rothschild, AMS Press, 1972, ISBN 0-404-07164-3, p. 213.〕〔(Jüdisches biographisches Lexikon: eine Sammlung von bedeutenden Persönlichkeiten, jüdischer Herkunft ab 1800, Hans Morgenstern, LIT Verlag Münster, 2009, ISBN 3-7000-0703-5, s. 68. )〕 A polyglot, Benaroya learned to speak six languages fluently. He studied at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law, but did not graduate, becoming rather a teacher in Plovdiv. Here Benaroya became a member of the Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers Party (Broad Socialists) and published in Bulgarian his work ''The Jewish Question and Social Democracy''.〔(The Socialist Federation of Saloniki, J Starr - Jewish Social Studies, 1945 - JSTOR )〕〔Jews in the Bulgarian hinterland: an annotated bibliography, Judaica bulgarica, Zhak Eskenazi, Alfred Krispin, Emmy Barouh, International Centre for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations, 2002, p. 264.〕 After the Young Turk revolution of 1908 he moved as a socialist organizer to Thessaloniki. He founded here a group called ''Sephardic Circle of Socialist Studies'' and was in connection to the Bulgarian left-wing faction, close to the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), called People's Federative Party (Bulgarian Section),〔(For Freedom and Perfection (the life of Yané Sandansky) ), Journeyman Press, 1988, ISBN 978-1-85172-014-9, p.386.〕 as well as to some Bulgarian socialists, who worked there.〔Mark Mazower, ''Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430-1950'', 2004, p. 287.〕 Benaroya's influence grew, as he argued that any socialist movement in the city must take the form of a federation in which all national groups could participate. Due to the Bulgarian roots of its Jewish founder, the organization was viewed with suspicion by the Young Turks and later by the Greek government, as being close to the IMRO and Bulgarian socialist movement.〔"Due to the Bulgarian origins of its Jewish founder, Abraham Benaroya, the organization was viewed with suspicion by the Young Turks and later by the Greek government, as being close to the International Macedonian Revolutionary Organization and Bulgarian socialist movement.'' "Sociological papers", Volume 11, Universiṭat Bar-Ilan. Leon Tamman Foundation for Research into Jewish Communities, Bar-Ilan University, 2006, p.12.〕〔''"Nea Athilea" for instance interpreted the clashes as a proof that in Thessaloniki the strike has ceased to be labor-related, and that the promotion of socialist demands was a pretext for Anti-Greek actions and Avraam Benaroya — Federation leader, Jewish socialist, and Bulgarian subject — was singled out as the mastermind behind this turn of events. "Borderlines: genders and identities in war and peace", 1870-1930, Billie Melman, Routledge, 1998, ISBN 0-415-91114-1, p. 430.〕〔''Benaroya, a Bulgarian Jew, came to Salonica in 1908 in order to establish an organized Jewish socialist movement in this city... However, the new CUP regime in the Empire was suspicious about the activities of Benaroya regarding his Bulgarian roots.'' Turkish Review of Balkan Studies, Volumes 10–11,
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